Le Corbusier
After studying architecture in his hometown, the young Jeanneret rejected the rural atmosphere of Chaux-de-Fonds and traveled to Italy, and then to Budapest and Vienna. Eventually he came to Paris, worked at Auguste Perret, then learned German and worked at Peter Behrens' Berlin office, often recognized as the first industrial designer thanks to his work at AEG. rice field. So far.
After another tour of the Balkans and Greece, Jeanneret returned to teach at Chaux-de-Fonds and stayed there throughout World War I. In 1914-15, he developed his first major theoretical study, the DomIno family. This is the reinforced concrete frame he envisioned as a freely planned mass production system for apartments.
After the war, Jeanneret returned to Paris and began practicing architecture with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. He worked with him for most of his career. He also met Amedée Ozenfant, a French cubist painter who developed the "Purism" manifesto, and the two edited the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau since 1920. At L'Esprit Nouveau, Jeanneret first adopted the pseudonym of Le Corbusier, following the fashion among the artists of Paris at the time. In the Five Principles of Modern Architecture, Le Corbusier also developed his famous "Five Points of Architecture" for the first time. This can be easily summarized as follows:
- Raise the constructing on “pilotis,” releasing the partitions in their structural function.
- With the partitions freed in their structural role, a unfastened plan need to be employed.
- Similarly, the facade need to be designed freely.
- The horizontal ribbon window, enabled with the aid of using the unfastened facade, need to be used to mild rooms evenly.
- The roof need to be flat and host a roof garden, changing the floor area this is occupied with the aid of using the constructing.
In 1923, Le Corbusier published his famous book, Toward an Architecture. This is generally translated into English as "Aiming for Architecture". In this book he applied the principles of cars, planes and ships to buildings and explained his vision for architecture inspired by new modernism. Here he declared the house a "living machine", summarizing his early design approach and defining the basic attitude of modernist architecture.
Of the many buildings that Le Corbusier completed in the early days, none have succeeded in showing his five architectural points as much as the Villa Savoye, completed in 1931. The bottom floor has a sweep curve to lift the main living quarters off the ground and accommodate the radius of gyration of the car, and the roof is accessed via a slope.
But Villa Savoye is the culmination of Le Corbusier's early ideals, as well as the end of this period of his work. In his book Modern Architecture: A Critical History, Kenneth Frampton divides all of Le Corbusier's works into two chapters, 1930 and 1930-1960. Frumpton, completed in 1935 on the outskirts of Paris, said, "This vernacular is of its material clarity because of its ability to enrich the abstract and reducing nature of the purist style. It was deliberately adopted for ... from now on. " The juxtaposition of contrasting materials has become an essential aspect of Le Corbusier's style, not only as an expressive "pallet" but also as an architectural medium. "
During the 1930s and World War II, Le Corbusier completed fewer buildings than in his prolific early days, but at the end of the war orders exploded. However, he now works in a style very different from the sophisticated machine-like modernism of the 1920s, preferring exposed concrete and monumental scales. Widely adopted and adopted by many Le Corbusier followers, this style became known as "brutalist", named after the French exposed concrete.
It turned into at some stage in this era of round 15 years that Le Corbusier finished a lot of his maximum favorite works, together with the Unité d`habition in Marseille (in addition to comparable designs in Nantes-Rezé, Berlin, Briey and Firminy), the chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, the convent of La Tourette and the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, his best constructing within side the United States.
Throughout his career, alongside his architectural works, Le Corbusier was a passionate and radical fighter for a new vision of modernist urban planning. Like his early architectural works, Le Corbusier's urban design focused on purely functional design and placed great importance on the car. His first plan, "Ville Contemporary", was drafted in 1922, and in 1925 he drafted "Plan Voisin". By a network of elevated roads. Ten years later, Le Corbusier expanded this design to the fictional "Bille Radius". These suggestions influenced the design of his "Unites" as a separate village for the entire community.
Le Corbusier's urban planning forms the basis of many criticisms of his work and life. Le Corbusier was a key member of the International Conference on Architectural Modernism (CIAM) and presented the principles of a functional city in the Athens Charter, named after the goals of the 4th Conference in 1933. .. An original document for modern city planning, in the name of Le Corbusier, cities around the world have been modernized. Success levels have varied, traditional and organic, and often poor areas have been replaced by state-of-the-art public housing. Le Corbusier was also widely criticized for the political ties he maintained in trying to carry out the plan, and was invited by Benito Mussolini to speak in Rome in collaboration with the Vichy administration in France.
In the 1950s, when invited to complete the design of Chandigarh, the new capital of Punjab, India, Le Corbusier was finally able to achieve the integration of his architectural and urban planning visions. Le Corbusier designed a functional city plan, and he himself designed three buildings: the City Capitol, the Secretariat Building, the Parliament Building, and the Supreme Court.
The impact of Le Corbusier on modern architecture is immeasurable. He helped form the basis of almost all modernist architecture and urban planning, and almost all modern theories served essentially as a continuation or rejection of his ideals. In addition, he established the practice of architecture today. The writer Hal Foster describes Le Corbusier as an "architect controversy" who helped lay the foundation for the emergence of modern humans such as Rem Koolhaas.
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